İnsan Mikrobiyotasının Metabolik ve Hücresel Sinyal Yollarındaki Biyolojik Rolü

Veysel Ağan

doi:10.5281/zenodo.21034103

Authors

Veysel Ağan Harran University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-6249

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21034103

Keywords:

Gut Microbiota, , Cellular Signaling Pathways, Metabolic Homeostasis

Abstract

The human microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem composed of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses living in different parts of the body, primarily the gastrointestinal system. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have revealed that the microbiota plays a critical role not only in digestive processes but also in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, immune responses, and cellular signaling mechanisms. Short-chain fatty acids, bile acid derivatives, tryptophan metabolites, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds produced by the gut microbiota have significant biological effects on energy metabolism, glucose and lipid balance, inflammation, and cellular functions. Microbiota-derived metabolites influence key cellular signaling pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)-mTOR, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), thereby shaping energy homeostasis, immune responses, cell proliferation, and metabolic regulation processes. Conversely, imbalances in the gut microbiota, i.e., dysbiosis, can disrupt metabolic and inflammatory processes, contributing to the development of various diseases. This study examines the general characteristics of the human microbiota, key microbiota-derived metabolites, and their biological functions; furthermore, their effects on energy metabolism and cellular signaling pathways are evaluated in light of current literature. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying microbiota-host interactions can contribute to elucidating the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and developing novel microbiota-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

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